Quiz Over 1ST HALF of Chapter 7 (pp. 145-160)


Hypothesis Testing

NOTE:  Whenever used, the abbreviated "HT" stands for the phrase, "hypothesis testing"

Introduction
  1. Hypothesis testing (HT) involves a form of logic that seems, at first glance, "topsy-turvy."
    2. True
    False
  2. How many steps are there in the simplest, most "bare-bones" version of HT?
    3. 3
    4
    5
    6
  3. The 4 "preliminary questions" that must be dealt with by a researcher engaged in HT ____ (are/are not) common to all forms of inferential statistics.
    4. are
    are not
An Ordered List of the Six Steps
  1. In HT, the sample data are collected & analyzed before the null hypothesis is stated.
    2. True
    False
  2. In HT, the level of significance is selected after the sample data are collected & analyzed.
    3. True
    False
Step #1:  The Null Hypothesis
  1. Which of the following statements is true concerning null hypotheses?
    2. The null hypothesis is vague, not pin-point.
    The null hypothesis is a statement about the sample, not the population.
    The null hypothesis comes from the researcher, not a formula.
  2. What symbol denotes the null hypothesis?
    3. N.H.
    Hn
    H1
    Ho
  3. Must the "statistical focus" selected by the researcher be reflected in the null hypothesis?
    4. Yes
    No
  4. Which of the following is not a legitimate null hypothesis?
    5. Ho:  m = 0
    Ho:  m > 0
    Ho:  m = 10
  5. What's the minimum number of populations that can be involved in a study wherein HT is used?
    6. 0
    1
    2
    6
  6. In studies involving 2 populations, the Ho must be set up to be a "no difference" statement.
    7. True
    False
  7. Are these 2 null hypotheses equivalent in meaning? (a) Ho:  m1 = m2 and (b) Ho:  sm2 = 0
    8. Yes
    No
  8. If a null hypothesis about group means is expressed in symbols (starting with Ho), which of the following will NOT be revealed?
    9. The fact that the focus is on populations.
    The fact that the focus is on means.
    The number of groups.
    The nature of the dependent variable.
  9. The null hypothesis usually corresponds with the researcher's hunch about the way things really are.
    10. True
    False
Step #6:  The Decision Regarding the Null Hypothesis
  1. In Step 6, a researcher will make a decision about Ho;  he/she will either _____ Ho.
    2. change or leave unchanged
    expand or make smaller
    reject or fail-to-reject
    share or hide
  2. Researchers often signal that they have rejected Ho be stating
    3. p > .01
    p > .05
    Ho is tenable
    ns
    reliable differences exist
Step #2:  The Alternative Hypothesis
  1. Whereas the null hypothesis is symbolized as Ho, the alternative hypothesis is symbolized as Ha or __ .
    2. A.H.
    HA.H.
    Ho
    H1
    Hz
  2. Will the alternative hypothesis ever be set up to say the same thing as the null hypothesis?
    3. Yes
    No
  3. In a correlational study, what would a nondirectional Ha look like if the null hypothesis says:  Ho: r = 0
    4. Ha:  r = +1
    Ha:  r = -1
    Ha:  r = +1 or -1
    None of the above
  4. Researchers typically set up their alternative hypotheses to be directional (not nondirectional).
    5. True
    False
  5. Ha, if set up to be nondirectional, could legitimately be referred to as being "two-sided."
    6. True
    False
  6. If Ha is set up to be directional, this means that the inferential test being conducted is
    7. one-tailed
    two-tailed
    multi-tailed
  7. How many alternative hypotheses will there be if the researcher is conducting a two-tailed test of Ho: m = 50?
    8. Just one
    Two
    Fifty
  8. What would an "inexact" Ho specify if it's paired with Ha: m > 100?
    9. m is approximately 100
    m is less than or equal to 100
    m is greater than or equal to 100
    m is equal to 100
Step #4:  Collection and Analysis of Sample Data
  1. If the sample statistic and the hypothesized population parameter are very, very similar, the null hypothesis won't be rejected.
    2. True
    False
  2. If the sample statistic and the hypothesized population parameter are quite dissimilar, the null hypothesis will be rejected.
    3. True
    False
  3. The numerical value that summarizes the sample data (in Step 4) is called the calculated value or the ______ .
    4. critical value
    null value
    standardized statistic
    test statistic
  4. When HT is focused on Pearson's correlation, the calculated value usually is the sample value, r.
    5. True
    False
  5. A study's statistical focus normally does not show up in the calculated value computed in Step #4.
    6. True
    False
  6. A small p-value indicates that the sample data deviate ___ (a little/a lot) from what would be expected if the null hypothesis was true . . . and thus the null hypothesis _____ (should/shouldn't) be rejected.
    7. a little; should
    a little; shouldn't
    a lot, should
    a lot; shouldn't
  7. (T/F) In Excerpt 7.18, the null hypothesis might have been rejected if the mean for the children who listened to the musical story had been 15.50 (and if everything else about the study--except the calculated value--remained the same.)
    8. True
    False

NOTE:  Questions dealing with the 2nd half of Chapter 7 appear in a separate quiz.

 

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