Quiz (Chapter 19)


The Quantitative Portion of Mixed Methods Studies

Introduction
  1. The simplest kind of quantitative data would be exemplified by
    2. timing how long runners take to complete a 5K race.
    using a person's phone number as his/her ID.
    giving each student a rank to indicate his/her test performance.
    coding a person's eye color as 1=brown, 2=blue, 3=green, etc.
  2. Test procedures such as the median test and the Mann-Whitney U test are called ______ tests.
    3. parametric
    nonparametric
    data-dependent
    data-free
Obtaining Ranked Data
  1. In how many different ways can a researcher "produce" data that take the form of ranks?
    2. 2
    3
    4
  2. In Excerpt 18.6, the 1-to-10 numerical ranks assigned to each participant's sorted pictures indicated a _______ ordering of the pictures.
    3. least-preferred to most-preferred
    most-preferred to least-preferred
Reason for Converting Scores on a Continuous Variable into Ranks
  1. Test procedures designed for use with ranks involve ____ assumptions than procedures designed for use with interval- or ratio-level data.
    2. fewer
    more
  2. Unequal or small sample sizes prompt many researchers to ____ tests based on ranks.
    3. use
    avoid using
  3. The total scores people earn on a Likert-type attitude inventory are probably only ordinal in nature.
    4. True
    False
The Median Test
  1. The median test is used to compare 2 or more groups that are _____.
    2. independent
    correlated
  2. In comparing 3 groups with a median test, how many medians would appear in the test's null hypothesis?
    3. None
    1
    3
    It depends on the number of subjects involved in the study.
  3. In comparing 3 groups with a median test, how many medians need to be computed from the sample data?
    4. None
    1
    3
    It depends on the number of subjects involved in the study.
  4. The calculated value in a median test is referred to as ___.
    5. t
    F
    c2
  5. Excerpt 18.14 shows that a median test's p-value gets smaller as the calculated value gets larger.
    6. True
    False
The Mann-Whitney U Test
  1. The Mann-Whitney U test test is used to compare 2 groups that are _____.
    2. independent
    correlated
  2. Of the two test procedures referred to in Excerpts 18.1 and 18.2, which one is more powerful?
    3. The one referred to in Excerpt 18.1.
    The one referred to in Excerpt 18.2
  3. Is the task of interpreting a significant result from a Mann-Whitney U test easy or difficult?
    4. Easy
    Difficult
  4. If the U test leads to a rejection of Ho, the populations might differ in their means, medians, or modes.
    5. True
    False
  5. Excerpt 18.15 shows that there is a ______ (direct/indirect) relationship between the size of U, the calculated value, and the size of p.
    6. direct
    indirect
The Kruskal-Wallis H Test
  1. The Kruskal-Wallis H test is used to compare 3 or more groups that are _____.
    2. independent
    correlated
  2. In both the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, a "sum of ranks" is computed for each sample.
    3. True
    False
  3. In Excerpt 18.18, the number immediately to the right of each H in the final sentence would have been a ___ (rather than a 2) if there had been 5 music conditions in the study.
    4. 3
    4
    5
    6
    It is impossible to determine based on the information provided.
  4. In a Kruskal-Wallis test, Ho is rejected if the calculated H is ____ than the critical value.
    5. smaller
    larger
  5. In Excerpt 18.20, how many Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted?
    6. 3
    4
    5
    6
    It is impossible to determine based on the information provided.
The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
  1. Wilcoxon's test is used to compare __ sets of scores that are _____.
    2. 2; independent
    2; correlated
    3 or more; independent
    3 or more; correlated
  2. The calculated value in a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test is referred to by what capital letter?
    3. M
    P
    S
    T
    W
  3. In Excerpt 18.21, the 1st sentence indicates that data from the control group were gathered at 3 points in time: pretest-1, pretest-2, and posttest. The 2nd of these points of data collection is referred to as ____ later in the excerpt.
    4. pretest-1
    pretest-2
    posttest-1
    posttest-2
  4. In a Wilcoxon test, Ho is rejected if the calculated value is ____ than the critical value.
    5. smaller
    larger
  5. A significant T suggests that the 2 populations differ in their _______, assuming they have the same shape?
    6. means
    medians
    modes
Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance of Ranks
  1. Friedman's test is used to compare 2 or more sets of scores that are _____.
    2. independent
    correlated
  2. Which parametric ANOVA is analogous to the Friedman two-way analysis of variance of ranks?
    3. A two-way ANOVA
    A one-way repeated measures ANOVA
    A two-way repeated measures ANOVA (with 2 within-subjects factors)
    A two-way mixed ANOVA
  3. If each of 3 people tastes 3 soft drinks and then ranks them, what should you expect the "sum of ranks" to be for any of the beverages if the null hypothesis (that the 3 beverages are equally good) is true?
    4. 3
    6
    9
    It is impossible to determine based on the information provided.
  4. In Excerpt 18.22, which number in the excerpt is the Friedman test's calculated value?
    5. .05
    9
    10
    48.47.
  5. If the Friedman test yields a significant result, what test is likely to be used in a post hoc investigation?
    6. The Median test
    The Mann-Whitney U test
    The Wilcoxon test
    The Kruskal-Wallis test
Large-Sample Versions of the Tests on Ranks; Ties
  1. A test on ranks made via a z-test (due to large samples) can be thought of as a "normal curve test."
    2. True
    False
  2. Fisher's Exact Test can be thought of as the "small-sample" version of what other test?
    3. The median test
    The Mann-Whitney U test
    The Wilcoxon test
    The Kruskal-Wallis test
  3. Excerpt 18.24 shows that the large-sample approximation to a Kruskal-Wallis test has a calculated value represented by z.
    4. True
    False
  4. The regular median test is inherently a ______ (small-sample/large-sample) test.
    5. small-sample
    large-sample
  5. When ties occur in tests on ranks, the only thing a researcher can do is discard the tied scores.
    6. True
    False
The Relative Power of Nonparametric Tests
  1. Under certain circumstance, nonparametric tests have more power than their parametric counterparts.
    2. True
    False
  2. Applied researchers should explain why they used the specific tests selected to analyze their data, and the issue of _____ ought to be included in such explanations.
    3. random samples
    relative power
    computational ease
    researcher bias
A Few Final Comments
  1. Nonparametric tests ___ based on the assumption that the data come from random samples.
    2. are
    are not
  2. The last sentence in the 2nd paragraph on p. 496 urges you not to judge the worth of empirical studies on the basis of
    3. how large or small the sample size is.
    how "impressive" the data-based p-level is.
    what alpha level was used.
    whether Ho is or isn't rejected.

 

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