Quiz (Chapter 10)

Introduction

1. A ____ (small/large) number of statistical techniques are available to researchers who want to deal inferentially with the mean(s) computed from sample data.
2. (T/F)  The technique of interval estimation can be used in studies where interest lies in one or two means.

3. When a single sample is taken from a population, at what will the researcher be guessing, the sample mean or m?
4. In general, large sample sizes tend to bring about _____ (narrow/wide) confidence intervals.
5. Look at Excerpt 10.4. Using symbols, indicate what the null hypothesis was.
6. With a single group, the null hypothesis can be rejected when the difference between the sample mean and ____ is larger than what would be expected by chance.
1. the actual population mean
2. the pinpoint number in the null hypothesis
7. If a researcher conducts a t-test on a single group mean, and if df = 19, how many subjects were in the sample?

8. Which of the following terms suggest that 2 samples are "correlated"?  (Choose 1 or more of the options)
1. paired samples
2. matched samples
3. independent samples
4. unpaired samples
5. dependent samples
9. If the two samples have different ns, this is a "tip-off" that the samples are ____ (independent/correlated).
10. If a group's pretest mean is compared against its posttest mean, these two sets of data are considered to be _____ (independent/correlated).
11. (T/F) In comparing 2 means with a statistical test, 2 separate inference are made (one to m1, the other to m2).
12. Do these statements say the same thing?
1. Ho: m1 = m2
2. Ho: m1 - m2 = 0
13. (T/F) When comparing 2 means, Ho does not have to be set up in a "no difference" fashion.
14. In Excerpt 10.4, is the number 62 correct or is that number incorrect?
15. The means of 2 independent samples can be contrasted via a t-test, a __-test, or a __-test.
16. What do the abbreviations df, SS, and MS stand for?
17. In an ANOVA summary table, the calculated value (i.e., F-value) is computed by dividing MSbetween by _____ .
1. dfbetween
2. dfwithin
3. SSbetween
4. SSwithin
5. MSwithin
18. In an ANOVA summary table, the total number of subjects in both groups = dfbetween + dfwithin + ___ .
19. How would you know that two sample means are significantly different from each other if all you're able to look at are the two numerical values that form the end points of the CI?

20. If a researcher has data from 2 groups on 3 dependent variables, and if he/she wants use a t-test to compare the means of the groups, how many t-tests would the researcher perform?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 5
5. 6
21. In Excerpt 10.15, the last number in the final sentence is .008. What would this number be if there had been 2 rather than 3 disability spheres?
22. (T/F)  The Bonferroni technique cannot be used when there's only one sample.
23. If the pseudo-Bonferroni technique is used by a ".05" researcher who wants to compare two groups on each of 7 dependent variables, what revised alpha level would he/she probably use?
1. .01
2. .007
3. .001

24. When conducting a test on one or two means, do most researchers do something to help them (and their readers) distinguish between statistical and practical significance?
25. In Excerpt 10.8, which number(s) should you look at if you're trying to determine whether the difference between the two means has "practical significance"?
    1. 25.6 and 39.2
    2. 103
    3. -9.8
    4. .001
26. Suppose a researcher determines that 20 subjects must be in each sample in order for the statistical comparison of 2 sample means to have a power of .80.  In this study, there will be a 20% chance of a Type __ error.

27. What 4 underlying assumptions are associated with t-, z-, or F-tests that compare 2 means?
28. (T/F) If a researcher tests an underlying assumption, he/she hopes to reject the assumption's null hypothesis.
29. In Excerpt 10.14, the results of 5 t-tests are reported. In which of these t-tests do the sample data support most the homogeneity of variance assumption?
30. What makes a statistical comparison of two means robust to the equal variance assumption?

31. In Excerpt 10.7, the statistical comparison of the two cohorts turned out to be "p > .05." Can the null hypothesis of the t-test be accepted, since no statistically significant difference was found?
32. (T/F) The very small p-value in 10.10 strongly suggests that all of the teachers with prior learning about whole language literacy had higher scores than did any of the teachers with no prior learning about whole language literacy.
33. The last sentence of Chapter 10 says: "____________ by any of these techniques, regardless of how bold the researchers' claims might be."

34. (T/F)  Whereas a one-tailed test must be used whenever the null hypothesis deals with a single population, a two-tailed test must be used whenever the null hypothesis deals with two populations.
35. In Excerpt 10.9, if there had been 50 women and 50 men involved in the study, how many numbers in the excerpt would definitely change?
36. In Excerpt 10.1, we are given the numerical values for the mean, the CI, and the median. Which of those numbers is definitely not right?
    1. The mean is not right; it should have been larger than 60.
    2. The CI is not right; it should have been wider.
    3. The median is not right; it should have been somewhere between 54.7 and 58.5.
    4. None of the numbers in the Excerpt is definitely wrong.
37. How should the concept of "overlapping distributions" influence how we interpret the assertion in Excerpt 10.14 that "The hypertensive group had impaired performance in all measures except Continuity of Attention"?
    1. Insert "slightly" after the word "had."
    2. Insert "significantly" after the word "had."
    3. Insert "clinically" after the word "had."
    4. Insert "On average," at the beginning of the sentence.
38. If, in Excerpt 10.22, alpha had been set equal to .01 (rather than .05), the power analysis would have indicated the need for ___ (more than/fewer than) 50 patients in each group.
39. If a one-way analysis of variance is used to compare 2 groups of 20 subjects each, and if the SStotal turns out equal to 86 while the MSerror turns out equal to 2, how large would the calculated value be?
40. Look at Excerpt 10.23. In applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which of the following alpha levels would have been most "conservative" in the sense that it would have made it harder for the researchers to get a result that they wanted?
    1. .001
    2. .01
    3. .05
    4. .15

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